Across Caracas and other parts of the country, uncertainty has settled in as Venezuelans try to imagine life after the capture of Nicolás Maduro. With routines disrupted and official signals unclear, many citizens are questioning who will truly hold power, how the military and institutions will respond, and whether stability or further turmoil lies ahead. Conversations on the streets and online reflect cautious hope mixed with deep anxiety, shaped by years of political upheaval and a lingering fear that any shift in leadership could bring new risks as well as new possibilities.

‘Still shaken’

Trepidation in Venezuela after US captures Maduro

Jamaica Gleaner/5 Jan 2026

AP

Government supporters display posters of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro (right) and former President Hugo Chávez in downtown Caracas.

AN ANXIOUS quiet fell over Venezuela ‘s capital on Sunday as trepidation mixed with joy while a nation waited to see what comes next.

People were slow to resume routines in Caracas after President Nicolás Maduro was deposed and captured in a dramatic United States military operation. Dozens of stores, restaurants and churches remained closed. Those on the streets looked shell-shocked, staring at their phones or into the distance.

“People are still shaken,” said 77-year-old David Leal, who arrived to work as a parking attendant but realised he would likely not have customers. He pointed to the deserted street, a few blocks from Venezuela’s presidential palace, which was guarded by armed civilians and military personnel.

‘MAY GOD GIVE US STRENGTH’

Venezuela is no stranger to political tumult, but the dead-ofnight US military operation early Saturday marked a new chapter with no ready script.

US President Donald Trump initially said the US would “run” the country until there was stability, a remark that Secretary of State Marco Rubio seemed to walk back on Sunday.

Rubio insisted in interviews that Washington will use control of Venezuela’s oil industry to force policy changes, and called the government currently in place illegitimate. The country is home to the world’s largest proven crude oil reserves.

“We want to see Venezuela transition to be a place completely different than what it looks like today. But obviously, we don’t have the expectation that’s going to happen in the next 15 hours,” Rubio said.

Defence Minister Vladimir Padrino López, flanked by the high military command, told Venezuelans that Maduro was still the rightful leader. Presidential duties, however, now belong to Vice-president Delcy Rodríguez, whom the high court ordered to assume the role of interim president.

Rodríguez made no public comment on Sunday.

Maduro’s cadre of government officials demanded his release from custody in New York, where his first court appearance is set for Monday. State-controlled media did not air the images of him handcuffed on US soil.

Venezuelans, instead, saw them on social media, and many could not believe their eyes.

“May God give us strength for what we are experiencing. I’m sad. He is a human being,” said Nely Gutiérrez, a retiree, as her eyes welled with tears. “They have him handcuffed, and if he is in the hands of the empire, no one can save him from there, only God, not even God. He will die there.”

Gutiérrez had walked to church, only to find it closed. She said she would have prayed for peace in Venezuela and for Maduro. She declined to say whether she ever voted for him but said, “The word of God says love your enemy.”

FEAR OF CELEBRATING

In the US and some Latin American countries, Maduro’s ouster was celebrated.

In Venezuela, the scene was different, with some supporters burning US flags and holding signs reading “Gringo go home”.

Others muted any anti-maduro feelings for now. Construction worker Daniel Medalla said people did not dare celebrate, out of fear of government repression.

“We were longing for it,”medalla, 66, said of Maduro’s exit.

Memories remain fresh of the government crackdown following the 2024 presidential election, which Maduro claimed to have won despite credible evidence that he lost by a more than 2-to-1 margin. Protests left 28 people dead, 220 injured and at least 2,000 detained, according to official figures.

The presence of police and military personnel across Caracas on Sunday was notable for its smaller size, compared with an average day. Soldiers attempted to clear an area of an airbase that burned along with at least three passenger buses during the US attack.

Rubio, in interviews, said no US forces were on the ground in Venezuela, but didn’t rule out further strikes there.

PRESIDENT DONALD Trump had long threatened that he could order military strikes on targets on Venezuelan territory after months of attacks on boats accused of carrying drugs from the South American country. President Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela said the US military operations were a thinly veiled effort to oust him from power.

On Saturday, the US conducted a “large-scale strike” against Venezuela. Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores, were taken from their home on a military base and were aboard a US warship to New York, where they were to face criminal charges. An indictment accused them of a role in narco-terrorism conspiracy.

The Venezuelan government called it an “imperialist attack” and urged citizens to take to the streets.

Before the escalation, there had been 35 known strikes against alleged drug smuggling boats in South American waters since early September that killed at least 115 people, according to announcements from the Republican administration.

The US had sent a fleet of warships to the region, the largest build-up of forces in generations.

The White House said Washington was in “armed conflict” with drug cartels to halt the flow of narcotics into the United States, while US officials alleged that Maduro supported the international drug trade.

Here is a timeline of the US military actions and related developments:

2025

January 20

Trump signs an executive order that paved the way for criminal organisations and drug cartels to be named “foreign terrorist organisations.” They included Tren de Aragua, a Venezuelan street gang.

US intelligence agencies have disputed Trump’s central claim that Maduro’s administration was working with Tren de Aragua and orchestrating drug trafficking and illegal immigration into the US.

February 20

The Trump administration formally designated eight Latin American crime organisations as foreign terrorist organisations.

The label is normally reserved for groups such as a-qaeda or the Islamic State that use violence for political ends, and not for profit-focused crime rings.

August 19

The U.S. military deployed three guided-missile destroyers to the waters off Venezuela.

The naval force in the Caribbean grew within weeks to include three amphibious assault ships and other vessels, carrying about 6,000 sailors and Marines and a variety of aircraft.

The US sent F-35 fighter jets to Puerto Rico in September, while a Navy submarine carrying cruise missiles operated off South America.

September 2

The US carried out its first strike against what Trump said was a drug-carrying vessel that departed from Venezuela and was operated by Tren de Aragua.

Trump said all 11 people on the boat were killed. He posted a short video clip of a small vessel appearing to explode in flames.

September 10

In a letter to the White House, Democratic senators said the administration had provided “no legitimate legal justification” for the strike.

Senator Jack Reed of Rhode Island, the top Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, said the US military was not“empowered to hunt down suspected criminals and kill them without trial.”

September 15

The US military carried out its second strike against an alleged drug boat, killing three people.

Asked what proof the US had that the vessel was carrying drugs, Trump told reporters that big bags of cocaine and fentanyl were spattered all over the ocean. Images of what Trump described were not released by the military or the White House.

September 19

Trump said the US military carried out its third fatal strike against an alleged drug-smuggling vessel. Several senators and human rights groups continued to question the legality of the strikes, describing them as a potential overreach of executive authority.

October 2

Trump declared drug cartels to be unlawful combatants and said the US was now in an“armed conflict” with them, according to an administration memo obtained by The Associated Press.

The memo appeared to represent an extraordinary assertion of presidential war powers and drew criticism from some lawmakers, including Republican Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky.

October 3

Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth said he ordered a fourth strike on a small boat he accused of carrying drugs.

October 8

Senate Republicans voted down legislation that would have required the president to seek authorization from Congress before further military strikes.

October 14

Trump announced the fifth strike against a small boat accused of carrying drugs, saying it killed six people.

October 15

Trump confirmed he has authorized the CIA to conduct covert operations inside Venezuela and said he was weighing carrying out land operations in the country.

He declined to say whether the CIA has authority to take action against Maduro.

October 16

The Navy admiral who oversaw military operations in the region said he will retire in December.

Admiral Alvin Holsey became leader of US Southern Command only the previous November, overseeing an area that encompasses the Caribbean and waters off South America. Such postings typically last three years to four years.

Trump said the US struck a sixth suspected drug-carrying vessel in the Caribbean, killing two people and leaving two survivors who were on the semisubmersible craft.

The president later said the survivors would be sent to Ecuador and Colombia, their home countries, “for detention and prosecution.” Repatriation avoided questions about what their legal status would have been in the US justice system.

October 17

The U.S. military attacked a seventh vessel that Hegseth said was carrying “substantial amounts of narcotics” and associated with a Colombian rebel group, the National Liberation Army, or ELN. Three people are killed.

October 20

Washington Representative Adam Smith, top Democrat on the House Armed Services Committee, called for a hearing on the boat strikes.

“Never before in my over 20 years on the committee can I recall seeing a combatant commander leave their post this early and amid such turmoil,” Smith said in a statement of Holsey’s impending departure. “I have also never seen such a staggering lack of transparency on behalf of an Administration and the Department to meaningfully inform Congress on the use of lethal military force.”

October 21

Hegseth said the U.S. military launched its eighth strike against an alleged drug-carrying vessel, killing two people in the eastern Pacific.

The attack was an expansion of the military’s targeting area to the waters off South America where much of the cocaine from the world’s largest producers is smuggled.

October 22

Hegseth announced the ninth strike, another in the eastern Pacific, saying three men are killed.

October 24

Hegseth ordered the US military’s most advanced aircraft carrier, the USS Gerald R. Ford, to the region in a significant escalation of military firepower.

Hegseth said the military conducted the 10th strike on a suspected drug-running boat, leaving six people dead.

October 27

Hegseth said three more strikes were carried out in the eastern Pacific, killing 14 people and leaving one survivor.

Hegseth said Mexican authorities “assumed responsibility for coordinating the rescue” of the sole survivor, who was presumed dead after Mexico suspended its search.

October 29

Hegseth said the US military carried out another strike on a boat he said was carrying drugs in the eastern Pacific, killing all four people aboard in the 14th attack.

Virginia Sen Mark Warner, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Intelligence Committee, said the administration briefed Republicans, but not Democrats, on the boat strikes.

The Senate at the time was facing a potential vote on a war powers resolution that would have prohibited strikes in or near Venezuela without congressional approval.

October 31

UN human rights chief Volker Türk called for an investigation into the strikes, in what appeared to be the first such condemnation of its kind from a UN organisation.

Ravina Shamdasani, a spokeswoman for Türk’s office, relayed his message at a briefing: “The US must halt such attacks and take all measures necessary to prevent the extrajudicial killing of people aboard these boats.”

November 1

Hegseth announced the 15th known strike, saying three people were killed.

November 4

In the 16th known strike, Hegseth posted on social media that two people were killed aboard a vessel in the eastern Pacific.

November 6

Hegseth announced the 17th known strike, which killed three people.

Senate Republicans voted to reject legislation that would have limited Trump’s ability to order an attack on Venezuelan soil without congressional authorisation. Lawmakers from both parties had demanded more information on the strikes, but Republicans appeared more willing to give Trump leeway to continue his buildup of naval forces.

November 9

The US military struck two vessels in the eastern Pacific, killing six people, according to an announcement from Hegseth the following day.

November 10

The 20th known strike on a boat accused of transporting drugs killed four people in the Caribbean, according to a social media post from the US military’s Southern Command.

November 11

Venezuela’s government launched what it said was a “massive” mobilization of troops and volunteers for two days of exercises prompted by the US military buildup.

Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López asserted that Venezuela’s military was “stronger than ever in its unity, morale and equipment.”

November 15

Three people were killed after the U.S. military conducted its 21st strike on an alleged drug-smuggling boat in the eastern Pacific, according to a post from Southern Command a day later.

November 16

The Ford arrived in the Caribbean, a major moment in the Trump administration’s show of force.

The aircraft carrier’s arrival brought the total number of troops in the region to around 12,000 on nearly a dozen Navy ships in what Hegseth said was “Operation Southern Spear.”

Trump said the US “may be having some discussions“with Maduro and“venezuela would like to talk,” without offering details.

“I’ll talk to anybody,”trump said. “We’ll see what happens.”

December 4

Admiral. Frank “Mitch” Bradley appeared for closed-door classified briefings at the Capitol as lawmakers began investigating the strikes. The investigation started after reports that Bradley ordered a follow-on attack that killed the survivors of the first strike on Sept. 2 to comply with Hegseth’s demands.

Sen. Tom Cotton, R-ark, later told reporters that “Bradley was very clear that he was given no such order, to give no quarter or to kill them all.”

Democrats said they found the video of the entire attack disturbing.

Smith said the survivors were “basically two shirtless people clinging to the bow of a capsized and inoperable boat, drifting in the water – until the missiles come and kill them.”

Four people killed in the 22nd strike on an alleged drug-smuggling boat in the eastern Pacific, according to a post from Southern Command.

December 10

The US seizes an oil tanker off the coast of Venezuela after the ship left that country with about 2 million barrels of heavy crude.

Attorney General Pam Bondi said the tanker was involved in “an illicit oil shipping network supporting foreign terrorist organizations.” Venezuela’s government said the seizure was “a blatant theft and an act of international piracy.”

December 15

The US military strikes three alleged drug-smuggling boats, killing eight people, in the eastern Pacific Ocean, Southern Command announced.

December 16

Hegseth said the Pentagon will not publicly release unedited video of the September 2 strike that killed two survivors, even as questions mounted in Congress about the attack and the overall campaign near Venezuela.

Trump said he was ordering a blockade of all “sanctioned oil tankers” going into and out of Venezuela, a move that seemed designed to put a tighter chokehold on the South American country’s oil-dependent economy.

Trump alleged that Venezuela was using oil to fund drug trafficking, terrorism and other crimes. He pledged to continue the military buildup until Venezuela returned to the US oil, land and assets, though it was unclear why Trump felt the US had a claim.

December 17

The US military says it attacked a boat accused of smuggling drugs in the eastern Pacific Ocean, killing four people.

House Republicans rejected a pair of Democratic-backed resolutions that would have put a check on Trump’s power to use military force against drug cartels and Venezuela. They were the first votes in the House after Senate Republicans previously voted down similar war powers resolutions.

December 18

The US military says it conducted two more strikes against boats that were allegedly smuggling drugs in the eastern Pacific, killing five people.

December 20

Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem said the US Coast Guard, with help from the Defense Department, stopped a second oil tanker off the coast of Venezuela.

December 22

Trump confirms that the US Coast Guard was chasing another oil tanker that the administration described as part of the “dark fleet.”

The US military said it attacked a boat accused of smuggling drugs in the eastern Pacific Ocean, killing four people.

December 29

Trump tells reporters that the U.S. struck a facility where boats accused of carrying drugs “load up.”he declines to say whether the US military or the CIA carried out the strike on the dock or where it occurred. He did not confirm it happened in Venezuela.

The US military says it attacked a boat accused of smuggling drugs in the eastern Pacific Ocean, killing two people.

December 30

The CIA was behind the drone strike at a docking area believed to have been used by Venezuelan drug cartels, according to two people familiar with details of the classified operation who requested anonymity to discuss it.

It was the first known direct operation on Venezuelan soil since the US began strikes in September. Venezuelan officials have not acknowledged the strike.

The US military struck three more boats that were allegedly smuggling drugs, killing three people in the first boat while people from the other two boats jumped overboard and may have survived, Southern Command announced the following day.

December 31

The US imposes sanctions on four companies operating in Venezuela’s oil sector and designated four additional oil tankers as blocked property and part of the larger shadow fleet that was evading US sanctions on Venezuela.

The US military says it attacked two more boats, killing five people who were allegedly smuggling drugs along known trafficking routes.

2026

January 1

Maduro, in an interview on state television that aired on New Year’s Day, said Venezuela was open to negotiating an agreement with the United States to combat drug trafficking. He declined to comment on the Cia-led strike and reiterated that the US wanted to force a government change in Venezuela and gain access to its vast oil reserves.

January 3

The US conducts “large-scale strike” across Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, captured Maduro and Flores and flew them out of the country. Attorney General Pam Bondi said Maduro and Flores had been indicted in the Southern District of New York. Maduro was accused of leading a “corrupt, illegitimate government that, for decades, has leveraged government power to protect and promote illegal activity, including drug trafficking.”

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